Am-241

Americium-241 (Am-241) is a radioactive isotope of americium with a half-life of approximately 432.2 years. It primarily undergoes alpha decay, emitting alpha particles and low-energy gamma radiation. Am-241 is a byproduct of plutonium-241 decay, typically produced in nuclear reactors during the operation of nuclear fuel cycles. Its alpha decay is accompanied by gamma radiation, which makes it useful for a variety of applications.

Am-241 is widely used in industrial and scientific applications. One of its most common uses is in **smoke detectors**, where its alpha radiation ionizes air to detect smoke particles. It is also utilized as a gamma source for **calibration of radiation detection equipment** and in **industrial gauges** to measure thickness, density, and moisture. In scientific research, Am-241 serves as a source of alpha particles for experiments and as a component in neutron sources, where it is mixed with beryllium to produce neutrons.

Am-241 is not found naturally and is produced as a byproduct in nuclear reactors, specifically during the decay of plutonium-241 in spent nuclear fuel. It is encountered in controlled environments, such as research laboratories, industrial facilities, and in consumer devices like smoke detectors. Trace amounts of Am-241 may also be present in nuclear waste and areas affected by nuclear activities. Due to its long half-life and radiotoxicity, its use and disposal are strictly regulated to ensure safety and environmental protection.